Strong optical absorption of a metallic film to induce a lensing effect in the visible region.

In this work, the two-dimensional profile of the light transmission through a prism-like metallic film sample of Au was measured at a wavelength of 632.8 nm in the visible intraband transition region to verify that, beyond the possible mechanisms of overcoming the diffraction limit, a strongly nonuniform optical absorption path length of the light traveling in the metal could induce a lensing effect, thereby narrowing the image of an object. A set of prism-like Au samples with different angles was prepared and experimentally investigated. Due to the nonuniform paths of the light traveling in the Au samples, lens-effect-like phenomena were clearly observed that reduced the imaged size of the beam spot with decreasing light intensity. The experimental measurements presented in the work may provide new insight to better understand the light propagation behavior at a metal/dielectric interface.

A High-Performance Spectrometer with Two Spectral Channels Sharing the Same BSI-CMOS Detector.

Optical spectrometers play an important role in modern scientific research. In this work, we present a two-channel spectrometer with a pixel resolution of better than 0.1 nm/pixel in the wavelength range of 200 to 950 nm and an acquisition speed of approximately 25 spectra per second. The spectrometer reaches a high k factor which characterizes the spectral performance of the spectrometer as k = (working wavelength region)/(pixel resolution) = 7500. Instead of using mechanical moving parts in traditional designs, the spectrometer consists of 8 integrated sub-gratings for diffracting and imaging two sets of 4-folded spectra on the upper and lower parts, respectively, of the focal plane of a two-dimensional backside-illuminated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (BSI-CMOS) array detector, which shows a high peak quantum efficiency of approximately 90% at 400 nm. In addition to the advantage of being cost-effective, the compact design of the spectrometer makes it advantageous for applications in which it is desirable to use the same two-dimensional array detector to simultaneously measure multiple spectra under precisely the same working conditions to reduce environmental effects. The performance of the finished spectrometer is tested and confirmed with an Hg-Ar lamp.

High photon-to-heat conversion efficiency in the wavelength region of 250-1200 nm based on a thermoelectric Bi2Te3 film structure.

In this work, 4-layered SiO2/Bi2Te3/SiO2/Cu film structures were designed and fabricated and the optical properties investigated in the wavelength region of 250-1200 nm for their promising applications for direct solar-thermal-electric conversion. A typical 4-layered film sample with the structure SiO2 (66.6 nm)/Bi2Te3 (7.0 nm)/SiO2 (67.0 nm)/Cu (>100.0 nm) was deposited on a Si or K9-glass substrate by magnetron sputtering. The experimental results agree well with the simulated ones showing an average optical absorption of 96.5%, except in the shorter wavelength region, 250-500 nm, which demonstrates the superior absorption property of the 4-layered film due to the randomly rough surface of the Cu layer resulting from the higher deposition power. The high reflectance of the film structure in the long wavelength region of 2-20 µm will result in a low thermal emittance, 0.064 at 600 K. The simpler 4-layered structure with the thermoelectric Bi2Te3 used as the absorption layer may provide a straightforward way to obtain solar-thermal-electric conversion more efficiently through future study.

Nano-Cr-film-based solar selective absorber with high photo-thermal conversion efficiency and good thermal stability.

Optical properties and thermal stability of the solar selective absorber based on the metal/dielectric four-layer film structure were investigated in the variable temperature region. Numerical calculations were performed to simulate the spectral properties of multilayer stacks with different metal materials and film thickness. The typical four-layer film structure using the transition metal Cr as the thin solar absorbing layer [SiO(2)(90nm)/Cr(10nm)/SiO(2)(80nm)/Al (≥100nm)] was fabricated on the Si or K9 glass substrate by using the magnetron sputtering method. The results indicate that the metal/dielectric film structure has a good spectral selective property suitable for solar thermal applications with solar absorption efficiency higher than 95% in the 400-1200nm wavelength range and a very low thermal emittance in the infrared region. The solar selective absorber with the thin Cr layer has shown a good thermal stability up to the temperature of 873K under vacuum atmosphere. The experimental results are in good agreement with the calculated spectral results.

Age-related cataracts: homocysteine coupled endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppression of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant protection.

To determine whether high levels of homocysteine (Hcy) induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with suppression of the nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant protection in lens epithelial cells (LECs). ER stress was acutely induced by exposure of LECs to 100 µM Hcy without FCS and also by exposure to 5 mM Hcy with 10% FCS. After exposure to Hcy, significant changes were found in P-PERK, P-eIF2α, XBP1, Nrf2, and Keap1 within 24 h. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased after Hcy exposure. The downstream enzymes of Nrf2 like, catalase, and glutathione reductase, were significantly decreased. These results suggested that the Hcy-induced ER stress suppressed the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant protection and simultaneously generated ROS which resulted in further oxidation and death of LECs. The loss of Nrf2 is mainly due to proteosomal degradation and m-calpain activation by the increased levels of cytoplasmic Ca(++). The caspases also play a role in the degradation of Nrf2. Our findings demonstrated that high levels of Hcy induce ER stress, chronic UPR, alter the levels of UPR specific proteins, increase the production of ROS, degrade Nrf2 and block the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defense protection in LECs. Thus, the upregulation of ROS might exceed the Nrf2 dependent antioxidant defense protection in the LECs and result in the highly oxidized lenses and resulted in ARCs.

A solar photovoltaic system with ideal efficiency close to the theoretical limit.

In order to overcome some physical limits, a solar system consisting of five single-junction photocells with four optical filters is studied. The four filters divide the solar spectrum into five spectral regions. Each single-junction photocell with the highest photovoltaic efficiency in a narrower spectral region is chosen to optimally fit into the bandwidth of that spectral region. Under the condition of solar radiation ranging from 2.4 SUN to 3.8 SUN (AM1.5G), the measured peak efficiency under 2.8 SUN radiation reaches about 35.6%, corresponding to an ideal efficiency of about 42.7%, achieved for the photocell system with a perfect diode structure. Based on the detailed-balance model, the calculated theoretical efficiency limit for the system consisting of 5 single-junction photocells can be about 52.9% under 2.8 SUN (AM1.5G) radiation, implying that the ratio of the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiency for the ideal photodiode structure to the theoretical efficiency limit can reach about 80.7%. The results of this work will provide a way to further enhance the photovoltaic conversion efficiency for solar cell systems in future applications.